邁向後現代之路﹕
從歷史看當代教會面對的
後現代挑戰
THE ROAD TO POSTMODERNITY:
Historical
Perspective on Postmodernism’s
Challenge to
the Church
A 後現代的挑戰﹕人性和文明的重建
The Postmodern
Challenge: Rebuilding Human Nature and Civilization
思維上的危機Crisis
of the Mind
字沒有意義。Words have no
meaning.
宇宙沒有絕對真理。There is no
absolute truth.
道德上沒有絕對是非。There is no
right and wrong.
歷史上沒有事實。There are no
facts in history.
靈魂的危機 Crisis of the Soul
東方宗教的復興。The
renaissance of Asian (eastern) religions.
心理的危機﹕破碎的心靈，家庭。 Crisis of the Heart – broken hearts, broken
homes.
意志（領袖）的危機Crisis of the Will (crisis in leadership).
1. 早期基督教 Early Christianity
2. 中古時期 The Middle Ages
修道院運動﹕靈修，工作 Monasticism – spirituality + accountability (work)
“成為我異象” “Be Thou My
Vision”
“Morning Has Broken”
十字軍東征Crusades
St. Francis of
C 16世紀The Sixteenth Century
1. 馬丁路德 – 宗教改革
Martin Luther and the Protestant
Reformation
A 唯獨聖經 --聖經為至高權威
Sola
Scriptura – The Bible as highest authority; only God
binds conscience
教皇的權柄The Pope
speaking xx cathedra
教會會議的權威Church
councils
B 恩典在人心裡的工作The Operation
of Grace in the Life of the Believer
恩典的注入Grace is
infused (not imputed)
透過聖禮Through the
sacraments (vs. through faith alone)
信心加上行為Faith with
works
<<聖經>> ﹕恩典是歸算的﹐透過信心Grace is
imputed through faith
唯獨藉著信心Through faith
alone
C 神上帝與人之間有多少中保﹖ How many mediators?
功德庫Treasury of merits
向聖人禱告Prayer to the
saints
基督﹐唯一中保Christ, the
only Mediator
唯獨聖經 Scripture alone
唯獨恩典 Grace alone
惟獨信心 Faith alone
唯獨基督 Christ alone
翻譯<<聖經>> Translation of the Bible
屬靈爭戰Spiritual
battle
“上主是堅固保障” (馬丁路得) “A mighty fortress is our God” (Martin Luther)
上帝為救主God the
Savior
上帝為造物主﹐父親God the
Creator/Father
2. 約翰加爾文 John Calvin
(1509-1564)
日內瓦Geneva
(1536-38, 1540-64)
<<基督教要義>> The Institutes of the Christian Religion
(1536)
認識上帝﹐認識人Knowledge of
God and Knowledge of man
聖靈在聖經裡面的見證The internal
witness of the Spirit in Scripture
上帝在萬物中 / 萬物上的主權God is
sovereign in all He does
日內瓦詩篇集The Geneva
Psalter
詩篇100 “The Old Hundredth” (Geneva Psalter)
3. 文藝復興人文主義 Renaissance
Humanism
人﹐自主﹐衡量萬物Man, the
measure of all things
人文主義者﹕大學裡的修辭老師Humanists,
rhetoric teachers in universities
修辭與智慧Eloquence and
wisdom
回到古典文學Return to the
classics
4. 英國的改教 The Reformation in
亨利八世﹕離婚，離開天主教 Henry VIII, 1527-31: divorce; left Catholicism
5. 重洗派The
Anabaptists – The Radical Reformation
宗教改革是什麼﹖What was the
Reformation?
重新找到了福音。Re-discovery
of the gospel.
知識論﹕我們怎樣知道我們所知道的﹖
Epistemology: How can we know that we know?
1. 理性主義Rationalism
笛卡兒Rene
Descartes
培根 Francis
Bacon
歸納法思維 -- 懷疑Inductive
method – doubt
萬物符合理性裡的清楚理念Discreet
ideas
宇宙有結構﹐秩序A structured
universe
2. 17世紀的神學 17th
Century theology
啟示合乎理性Revelation is reasonable -> revelation
must be reasonable (deism)
3. 音樂 Baroque music
A 巴哈 J. S. Bach – SDG
Polyphony
B 韓德爾 George
Friedrich Handel
井井有條的宇宙 A structured, ordered music
巴哈 J.S. Bach,
Prelude No. 1 in C Major
韓得爾 G.F. Hanel,
4. 英國的清教徒運動 Puritanism in
講章﹐日記Journals and
sermons
反省的人生A life of
reflection
威敏斯特信仰告白Westminster
Confession (1643-1647)
簡朴的敬拜Simple worship
唱詩篇Psalm singing
瓦茲Isaac
“耶穌普治” “Jesus shall reign where’er the sun” (Psalm 72)
上帝與人立約God made a
covenant with his people
約﹕上帝的主權的形式Covenant as
the form of God’s Lordship
上帝是守約的神God keeps his
covenant
上帝的子民彼此立約 – 教會God’s people make a covenant – the church
上帝的子民彼此立約 – 社會 (山上的城)
God’s people make a covenant – the
“City on a hill”
A Christian
commonwealth
“樂哉主臨” “Joy to the world” (Isaac Watts)
1. 經驗主義 – 感官 Empiricism – sense perception
17世紀 – 人理性的自主17th
century – autonomous mind
18世紀 – 人感官觀察 (科學) 的自主18th century – autonomous sense perception
懷疑主義Skepticism
2. 自然神論 Deism – Natural Religion
上帝的啟示是合乎理性的 (17世紀)
God’s
revelation is reasonable – 17th century
上帝的啟示必定是合乎理性的 (18世紀)
God’s
revelation must be reasonable – 18th century
3. 音樂 – 古典時期 Classic music – Haydn, Mozart, Beethoven
Symphony
海頓 “The spacious firmament on high” (Haydn)
秩序﹐加上美感 Order plus beauty
貝多芬Ludwig van
Beethoven
感官加上感情Sense
perception and emotion
月光奏鳴曲 “Moonlight Sonata”, 1st movement
4.
教會的回應 – 大覺醒復興運動 The Church’s
Response – the Great Awakening
愛得華茲Jonathan
Edwards
教會內部的悔改Repentance in
the church
虔誠的學問Godly
learning
“ 牧師傳道人不重生的危險” “The dangers of an unconverted ministry”
新的學院興起 – 復興的火燒下去 Rise of new universities – the flame burns on
17世紀 – 理性取代上帝Reason
replaced God – 17th century
18世紀 – 感官判斷上帝Sense
perception judged God – 18th century
衛斯理Charles
Wesley
“怎能如此” “And can it be that I should gain”
1st verse
– “interest in the Savior’s blood”
2nd verse
– ‘Tis mystery all!
3rd verse
– ‘Tis mystery all! / ‘Tis mercy all!
4th verse
– Quickening ray / awakening to light
5th verse
– Robed in righteousness
聖靈重生人The Holy
Spirit regenerates man
瓦茲 – 敬拜Watts –
worship
衛斯理 – 內心的經歷Wesley – inner experience
1.
康德 Immanuel Kant
此岸 – 科學﹐邏輯Phenomenal
realm – science and logic
彼岸 – 宗教﹐倫理Noumenal
realm – religion and ethics
道德的命令The
categorical imperative
宇宙破碎A fractured
universe
基督教從攻勢到守勢Christianity
on the defense
主觀 / 主體An age of subjectivity
2.
士萊馬赫Friedrich
Schleiermacher
宗教 = 感覺Religion as
feeling
泛神主義Pantheism
3.
浪漫主義 Romanticism in music and literature
老遠地﹐好久以前 - 朦朧The far away,
the long ago
感情Emotion,
sentiment
舒伯特﹐舒曼﹐蕭邦Schubert,
Schumann, Chopin
夜曲 – 降 E 大調 “Nocturne in Eb Major” (Chopin)
4.
國家主義 – 人民的意志 Nationalism – the Will of the People
5.
達爾文 – 進化論
6.
存在主義 – 心靈的焦急 Existentialism – Anxiety of the soul
Soren Kierkegaard
7.
印象主義 Impressionism
主觀 An age of
subjectivity
情感Emotion
意志Will
物質Matter
印象Impression
焦慮Anxiety
國家主義 - “我靈鎮靜” (芬蘭國歌)
(Nationalism)
Jean Sibelius, “Finlandia”
8.
回歸古典時期Return to
classicism
Johannes
Brahms
Felix
Mendelssohn
“Song without
words”
9.
教會的回應 The Church’s
Response
美國的復興Revival in
浸信會Baptists
衛理公會Methodists
普通人的信仰Common man’s
faith
“Little
church in the vale”
慕迪先生Dwight L.
Moody
復興﹐缺乏世界觀Revival
without adequate worldview
世俗哲學和都市化的衝擊Onslaught of
secular philosophy / urbanization
普林斯頓神學院Princeton
Seminary –
Archibald
Alexander, Charles Hodge, B.B. Warfield
凱伯Abraham
Kuyper
10.
福音詩歌 The Gospel Song
耶穌與我 “Jesus and I”
在花園裡 “In the garden”
11.
宣教運動的興起 The Rise of Missions
學生海外宣教志願運動The Student
Volunteer Movement (1883)
傳道中國的反知傳統Anti-intellectual
gospel to
文化之間的誤會Inter-cultural
misunderstanding and missions
12.
都市化﹐工業化 The city and industry
樂觀主義﹐烏托邦主義Optimism –
utopianism
一個美夢的破碎 A century of false hopes The illusion of optimism
藍色的多惱河 “On the Blue Danube” (J. Strauss)
19 世紀的觀念的實驗室 (